Critical minerals bottleneck: Europe’s clean-power ambitions hinge on a handful of suppliers

Global market share of critical minerals by country, showing dominance of China, DRC, Australia and Chile across cobalt, lithium, graphite, rare earths, copper, nickel and more.

Europe’s push toward a low-carbon power system faces a strategic bottleneck: critical minerals supply remains highly concentrated among a small group of producing countries. China dominates across the value chain, leading production in graphite, rare earths, aluminium, vanadium and several other essential inputs for batteries, wind turbines, solar components and grid technologies. Africa and Asia-Pacific supply much of the remainder, […]

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