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Critical minerals play a fundamental role in the development of key technologies related to the energy transition. Elements such as cobalt, lithium, nickel, manganese, and graphite are essential for battery production, while rare earths are crucial for wind energy, and silicon is essential for solar technology. However, the extraction of these resources is highly concentrated in a limited number of […]
The United States is at a pivotal moment to modernize its approach to critical minerals stockpiling. This report finds that an economic stockpile with market-shaping quantities of material may cost more than six times the amount of a defense-oriented stockpile. It is therefore important to integrate stockpiling choices into the wider array of policy options, analyzing whether a stockpile is […]
This policy note outlines how mineral rich countries can leverage transition-critical minerals to drive green industrialisation, strengthen supply chain resilience, and mitigate environmental risks. It highlights the need for local value addition and stronger linkages between mining and domestic industries to boost long-term growth. It also explores how diversified and cooperative supply chains can reduce geopolitical vulnerabilities for producers and […]
Experts estimate that 37 of the U.S. Geological Survey’s (USGS’s) 2022 list of 50 critical minerals occur on the OCS (outer continental shelf). Seabed deposits with critical mineral resources may occur across the OCS, but not all deposits on the OCS may be economically viable. The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), within the Department of the Interior (DOI), administers […]
The energy transition’s dependence on a certain number of mineral resources no longer needs to be demonstrated. Faced with China’s domination of both the extraction and refining segments and the downstream sectors (batteries, photovoltaic panels), virtually all industrial economies have legitimately embarked on policies to secure their supplies. These policies are based, on the one hand, on the development of […]
As global reliance on critical minerals grows and geopolitical tensions intensify, resource-rich nations are looking to models like OPEC to inform cooperative governance strategies that promote equity, stability, and strategic autonomy. This digest examines how such lessons can be applied to help shape more resilient and equitable critical mineral markets. Source: Kleinman Centrer for Energy Policy
This policy brief advocates for the development of a Critical Minerals Masterplan (South Africa) to articulate a clear vision and set objectives that support national mineral industrial development. The Masterplan should incentivise local value addition, promote research and development in critical mineral processing, recycling, and invest in a skilled workforce, while establishing a stable regulatory framework. Additionally, it calls for […]
This report, part of the Critical Materials program at the Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University SIPA, explores the policy ecosystems supporting the development of a newer set of lithium production technologies based on direct lithium extraction (DLE), which involves the selective extraction of lithium ions from subsurface brines. If DLE technologies are scalable and mature, they could […]
The potential emergence of a seabed mining industry has important ramifications for the diversification of critical mineral supply chains, revenues for developing nations with substantial terrestrial mining sectors, and global geopolitics. In this report, the authors present the results of a multi-pronged examination of each of these issues, exploring the likelihood and magnitude of their impacts to better inform planning […]